In finishing a concrete surface, what factors can lead to defects like crazing, dusting, and spalling?

The choice highlighting overworking the surface, late curing, or excessive water is identified as the correct answer because these specific factors are well-known contributors to defects in concrete surfaces.

When concrete is finished, the timing and technique play a crucial role in the integrity of the final product. Overworking the surface can lead to a loss of moisture at the surface while introducing excess fines from the aggregate, which can create a weak layer. This weakened layer is more prone to surface defects like crazing, which appears as fine cracks, particularly if it dries out quickly.

Late curing is another critical factor, as adequate curing is necessary to maintain the hydration of the cement. If the concrete is not cured immediately or is cured insufficiently, it may lead to improper strength development and surface imperfections, including dusting, which occurs when surface particles are not bonded properly.

Additionally, excessive water used in the mix or during finishing can create a higher water-cement ratio than intended, which can cause spalling (where pieces of the concrete surface break away) and other moisture-related defects. Each of these elements directly impacts the cement hydration process and the physical properties of the concrete, leading to significant issues in the finished product.

While low-quality materials, poor mixing techniques, and excessive